CarrierWave ↑

This gem provides a simple and extremely flexible way to upload files from Ruby applications. It works well with Rack based web applications, such as Ruby on Rails.

Information ↑

Getting Help ↑

Installation ↑

Install the latest release:

$ gem install carrierwave

In Rails, add it to your Gemfile:

gem 'carrierwave', '~> 1.0'

Finally, restart the server to apply the changes.

As of version 1.0, CarrierWave requires Rails 4.0 or higher and Ruby 2.0 or higher. If you're on Rails 3, you should use v0.11.0.

Getting Started ↑

Start off by generating an uploader:

    rails generate uploader Avatar

this should give you a file in:

    app/uploaders/avatar_uploader.rb

Check out this file for some hints on how you can customize your uploader. It should look something like this:

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  storage :file
end

You can use your uploader class to store and retrieve files like this:

uploader = AvatarUploader.new

uploader.store!(my_file)

uploader.retrieve_from_store!('my_file.png')

CarrierWave gives you a store for permanent storage, and a cache for temporary storage. You can use different stores, including filesystem and cloud storage.

Most of the time you are going to want to use CarrierWave together with an ORM. It is quite simple to mount uploaders on columns in your model, so you can simply assign files and get going:

ActiveRecord ↑

Make sure you are loading CarrierWave after loading your ORM, otherwise you'll need to require the relevant extension manually, e.g.:

require 'carrierwave/orm/activerecord'

Add a string column to the model you want to mount the uploader by creating a migration:

    rails g migration add_avatar_to_users avatar:string
    rake db:migrate

Open your model file and mount the uploader:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
end

Now you can cache files by assigning them to the attribute, they will automatically be stored when the record is saved.

u = User.new
u.avatar = params[:file] # Assign a file like this, or

# like this
File.open('somewhere') do |f|
  u.avatar = f
end

u.save!
u.avatar.url # => '/url/to/file.png'
u.avatar.current_path # => 'path/to/file.png'
u.avatar_identifier # => 'file.png'

Note: u.avatar will never return nil, even if there is no photo associated to it. To check if a photo was saved to the model, use u.avatar.file.nil? instead.

DataMapper, Mongoid, Sequel ↑

Other ORM support has been extracted into separate gems:

There are more extensions listed in the wiki

Multiple file uploads ↑

CarrierWave also has convenient support for multiple file upload fields.

ActiveRecord ↑

Add a column which can store an array. This could be an array column or a JSON column for example. Your choice depends on what your database supports. For example, create a migration like this:

For databases with ActiveRecord json data type support (e.g. PostgreSQL, MySQL) ↑

    rails g migration add_avatars_to_users avatars:json
    rake db:migrate

For database without ActiveRecord json data type support (e.g. SQLite) ↑

    rails g migration add_avatars_to_users avatars:string
    rake db:migrate

Note: JSON datatype doesn't exists in SQLite adapter, that's why you can use a string datatype which will be serialized in model.

Open your model file and mount the uploader:

class User < ActiveRecord::Base
  mount_uploaders :avatars, AvatarUploader
  serialize :avatars, JSON # If you use SQLite, add this line.
end

Make sure your file input fields are set up as multiple file fields. For example in Rails you'll want to do something like this:

<%= form.file_field :avatars, multiple: true %>

Also, make sure your upload controller permits the multiple file upload attribute, pointing to an empty array in a hash. For example:

params.require(:user).permit(:email, :first_name, :last_name, {avatars: []})

Now you can select multiple files in the upload dialog (e.g. SHIFT+SELECT), and they will automatically be stored when the record is saved.

u = User.new(params[:user])
u.save!
u.avatars[0].url # => '/url/to/file.png'
u.avatars[0].current_path # => 'path/to/file.png'
u.avatars[0].identifier # => 'file.png'

Changing the storage directory ↑

In order to change where uploaded files are put, just override the store_dir method:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def store_dir
    'public/my/upload/directory'
  end
end

This works for the file storage as well as Amazon S3 and Rackspace Cloud Files. Define store_dir as nil if you'd like to store files at the root level.

If you store files outside the project root folder, you may want to define cache_dir in the same way:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def cache_dir
    '/tmp/projectname-cache'
  end
end

Securing uploads ↑

Certain files might be dangerous if uploaded to the wrong location, such as PHP files or other script files. CarrierWave allows you to specify a whitelist of allowed extensions or content types.

If you're mounting the uploader, uploading a file with the wrong extension will make the record invalid instead. Otherwise, an error is raised.

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def extension_whitelist
    %w(jpg jpeg gif png)
  end
end

The same thing could be done using content types. Let's say we need an uploader that accepts only images. This can be done like this

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def content_type_whitelist
    /image\//
  end
end

You can use a blacklist to reject content types. Let's say we need an uploader that reject JSON files. This can be done like this

class NoJsonUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def content_type_blacklist
    ['application/text', 'application/json']
  end
end

Filenames and unicode chars ↑

Another security issue you should care for is the file names (see Ruby On Rails Security Guide). By default, CarrierWave provides only English letters, arabic numerals and some symbols as white-listed characters in the file name. If you want to support local scripts (Cyrillic letters, letters with diacritics and so on), you have to override sanitize_regexp method. It should return regular expression which would match all non-allowed symbols.

CarrierWave::SanitizedFile.sanitize_regexp = /[^[:word:]\.\-\+]/

Also make sure that allowing non-latin characters won't cause a compatibility issue with a third-party plugins or client-side software.

Setting the content type ↑

As of v0.11.0, the mime-types gem is a runtime dependency and the content type is set automatically. You no longer need to do this manually.

Adding versions ↑

Often you'll want to add different versions of the same file. The classic example is image thumbnails. There is built in support for this*:

Note: You must have Imagemagick and MiniMagick installed to do image resizing. MiniMagick is a Ruby interface for Imagemagick which is a C program. This is why MiniMagick fails on 'bundle install' without Imagemagick installed.

Some documentation refers to RMagick instead of MiniMagick but MiniMagick is recommended.

To install Imagemagick on OSX with homebrew type the following:

$ brew install imagemagick
class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  include CarrierWave::MiniMagick

  process resize_to_fit: [800, 800]

  version :thumb do
    process resize_to_fill: [200,200]
  end

end

When this uploader is used, an uploaded image would be scaled to be no larger than 800 by 800 pixels. The original aspect ratio will be kept. A version called thumb is then created, which is scaled to exactly 200 by 200 pixels.

If you would like to crop images to a specific height and width you can use the alternative option of '''resize_to_fill'''. It will make sure that the width and height specified are filled, only cropping if the aspect ratio requires it.

The uploader could be used like this:

uploader = AvatarUploader.new
uploader.store!(my_file)                              # size: 1024x768

uploader.url # => '/url/to/my_file.png'               # size: 800x800
uploader.thumb.url # => '/url/to/thumb_my_file.png'   # size: 200x200

One important thing to remember is that process is called before versions are created. This can cut down on processing cost.

It is possible to nest versions within versions:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base

  version :animal do
    version :human
    version :monkey
    version :llama
  end
end

Conditional versions ↑

Occasionally you want to restrict the creation of versions on certain properties within the model or based on the picture itself.

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base

  version :human, if: :is_human?
  version :monkey, if: :is_monkey?
  version :banner, if: :is_landscape?

private

  def is_human? picture
    model.can_program?(:ruby)
  end

  def is_monkey? picture
    model.favorite_food == 'banana'
  end

  def is_landscape? picture
    image = MiniMagick::Image.open(picture.path)
    image[:width] > image[:height]
  end

end

The model variable points to the instance object the uploader is attached to.

Create versions from existing versions ↑

For performance reasons, it is often useful to create versions from existing ones instead of using the original file. If your uploader generates several versions where the next is smaller than the last, it will take less time to generate from a smaller, already processed image.

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base

  version :thumb do
    process resize_to_fill: [280, 280]
  end

  version :small_thumb, from_version: :thumb do
    process resize_to_fill: [20, 20]
  end

end

The option :from_version uses the file cached in the :thumb version instead of the original version, potentially resulting in faster processing.

Making uploads work across form redisplays ↑

Often you'll notice that uploaded files disappear when a validation fails. CarrierWave has a feature that makes it easy to remember the uploaded file even in that case. Suppose your user model has an uploader mounted on avatar file, just add a hidden field called avatar_cache (don't forget to add it to the attr_accessible list as necessary). In Rails, this would look like this:

<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
  <p>
    <label>My Avatar</label>
    <%= f.file_field :avatar %>
    <%= f.hidden_field :avatar_cache %>
  </p>
<% end %>
````

It might be a good idea to show the user that a file has been uploaded, in the
case of images, a small thumbnail would be a good indicator:

erb <%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %> <p> <label>My Avatar</label> <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %> <%= f.file_field :avatar %> <%= f.hidden_field :avatar_cache %> </p> <% end %> “`

Removing uploaded files ↑

If you want to remove a previously uploaded file on a mounted uploader, you can easily add a checkbox to the form which will remove the file when checked.

<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
  <p>
    <label>My Avatar</label>
    <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %>
    <%= f.file_field :avatar %>
  </p>

  <p>
    <label>
      <%= f.check_box :remove_avatar %>
      Remove avatar
    </label>
  </p>
<% end %>

If you want to remove the file manually, you can call remove_avatar!, then save the object.

@user.remove_avatar!
@user.save
#=> true

Uploading files from a remote location ↑

Your users may find it convenient to upload a file from a location on the Internet via a URL. CarrierWave makes this simple, just add the appropriate attribute to your form and you're good to go:

<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
  <p>
    <label>My Avatar URL:</label>
    <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %>
    <%= f.text_field :remote_avatar_url %>
  </p>
<% end %>

If you're using ActiveRecord, CarrierWave will indicate invalid URLs and download failures automatically with attribute validation errors. If you aren't, or you disable CarrierWave's validate_download option, you'll need to handle those errors yourself.

Providing a default URL ↑

In many cases, especially when working with images, it might be a good idea to provide a default url, a fallback in case no file has been uploaded. You can do this easily by overriding the default_url method in your uploader:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def default_url(*args)
    "/images/fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_')
  end
end

Or if you are using the Rails asset pipeline:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def default_url(*args)
    ActionController::Base.helpers.asset_path("fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_'))
  end
end

Recreating versions ↑

You might come to a situation where you want to retroactively change a version or add a new one. You can use the recreate_versions! method to recreate the versions from the base file. This uses a naive approach which will re-upload and process the specified version or all versions, if none is passed as an argument.

When you are generating random unique filenames you have to call save! on the model after using recreate_versions!. This is necessary because recreate_versions! doesn't save the new filename to the database. Calling save! yourself will prevent that the database and file system are running out of sync.

instance = MyUploader.new
instance.recreate_versions!(:thumb, :large)

Or on a mounted uploader:

User.find_each do |user|
  user.avatar.recreate_versions!
end

Note: recreate_versions! will throw an exception on records without an image. To avoid this, scope the records to those with images or check if an image exists within the block. If you're using ActiveRecord, recreating versions for a user avatar might look like this:

User.find_each do |user|
  user.avatar.recreate_versions! if user.avatar?
end

Configuring CarrierWave ↑

CarrierWave has a broad range of configuration options, which you can configure, both globally and on a per-uploader basis:

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.permissions = 0666
  config.directory_permissions = 0777
  config.storage = :file
end

Or alternatively:

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  permissions 0777
end

If you're using Rails, create an initializer for this:

    config/initializers/carrierwave.rb

If you want CarrierWave to fail noisily in development, you can change these configs in your environment file:

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.ignore_integrity_errors = false
  config.ignore_processing_errors = false
  config.ignore_download_errors = false
end

Testing with CarrierWave ↑

It's a good idea to test your uploaders in isolation. In order to speed up your tests, it's recommended to switch off processing in your tests, and to use the file storage. In Rails you could do that by adding an initializer with:

if Rails.env.test? or Rails.env.cucumber?
  CarrierWave.configure do |config|
    config.storage = :file
    config.enable_processing = false
  end
end

Remember, if you have already set storage :something in your uploader, the storage setting from this initializer will be ignored.

If you need to test your processing, you should test it in isolation, and enable processing only for those tests that need it.

CarrierWave comes with some RSpec matchers which you may find useful:

require 'carrierwave/test/matchers'

describe MyUploader do
  include CarrierWave::Test::Matchers

  let(:user) { double('user') }
  let(:uploader) { MyUploader.new(user, :avatar) }

  before do
    MyUploader.enable_processing = true
    File.open(path_to_file) { |f| uploader.store!(f) }
  end

  after do
    MyUploader.enable_processing = false
    uploader.remove!
  end

  context 'the thumb version' do
    it "scales down a landscape image to be exactly 64 by 64 pixels" do
      expect(uploader.thumb).to have_dimensions(64, 64)
    end
  end

  context 'the small version' do
    it "scales down a landscape image to fit within 200 by 200 pixels" do
      expect(uploader.small).to be_no_larger_than(200, 200)
    end
  end

  it "makes the image readable only to the owner and not executable" do
    expect(uploader).to have_permissions(0600)
  end

  it "has the correct format" do
    expect(uploader).to be_format('png')
  end
end

If you're looking for minitest asserts, checkout carrierwave_asserts.

Setting the enable_processing flag on an uploader will prevent any of the versions from processing as well. Processing can be enabled for a single version by setting the processing flag on the version like so:

@uploader.thumb.enable_processing = true

Fog ↑

If you want to use fog you must add in your CarrierWave initializer the following lines

config.fog_provider = 'fog' # 'fog/aws' etc. Defaults to 'fog'
config.fog_credentials = { ... } # Provider specific credentials

Using Amazon S3 ↑

Fog AWS is used to support Amazon S3. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:

gem "fog-aws"

You'll need to provide your fog_credentials and a fog_directory (also known as a bucket) in an initializer. For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if it needs to be. You can also pass in additional options, as documented fully in lib/carrierwave/storage/fog.rb. Here's a full example:

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.fog_provider = 'fog/aws'                        # required
  config.fog_credentials = {
    provider:              'AWS',                        # required
    aws_access_key_id:     'xxx',                        # required unless using use_iam_profile
    aws_secret_access_key: 'yyy',                        # required unless using use_iam_profile
    use_iam_profile:       true,                         # optional, defaults to false
    region:                'eu-west-1',                  # optional, defaults to 'us-east-1'
    host:                  's3.example.com',             # optional, defaults to nil
    endpoint:              'https://s3.example.com:8080' # optional, defaults to nil
  }
  config.fog_directory  = 'name_of_bucket'                                      # required
  config.fog_public     = false                                                 # optional, defaults to true
  config.fog_attributes = { cache_control: "public, max-age=#{365.days.to_i}" } # optional, defaults to {}
end

In your uploader, set the storage to :fog

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  storage :fog
end

That's it! You can still use the CarrierWave::Uploader#url method to return the url to the file on Amazon S3.

Using Rackspace Cloud Files ↑

Fog is used to support Rackspace Cloud Files. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:

gem "fog"

You'll need to configure a directory (also known as a container), username and API key in the initializer. For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if need be.

Using a US-based account:

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.fog_provider = "fog/rackspace/storage"   # optional, defaults to "fog"
  config.fog_credentials = {
    provider:           'Rackspace',
    rackspace_username: 'xxxxxx',
    rackspace_api_key:  'yyyyyy',
    rackspace_region:   :ord                      # optional, defaults to :dfw
  }
  config.fog_directory = 'name_of_directory'
end

Using a UK-based account:

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.fog_provider = "fog/rackspace/storage"   # optional, defaults to "fog"
  config.fog_credentials = {
    provider:           'Rackspace',
    rackspace_username: 'xxxxxx',
    rackspace_api_key:  'yyyyyy',
    rackspace_auth_url: Fog::Rackspace::UK_AUTH_ENDPOINT,
    rackspace_region:   :lon
  }
  config.fog_directory = 'name_of_directory'
end

You can optionally include your CDN host name in the configuration. This is highly recommended, as without it every request requires a lookup of this information.

config.asset_host = "http://c000000.cdn.rackspacecloud.com"

In your uploader, set the storage to :fog

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  storage :fog
end

That's it! You can still use the CarrierWave::Uploader#url method to return the url to the file on Rackspace Cloud Files.

Using Google Storage for Developers ↑

Fog is used to support Google Storage for Developers. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:

gem "fog-google"
gem "google-api-client", "> 0.8.5", "< 0.9"
gem "mime-types"

You'll need to configure a directory (also known as a bucket), access key id and secret access key in the initializer. For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if need be.

Please read the fog-google README on how to get credentials.

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.fog_provider = 'fog/google'                        # required
  config.fog_credentials = {
    provider:                         'Google',
    google_storage_access_key_id:     'xxxxxx',
    google_storage_secret_access_key: 'yyyyyy'
  }
  config.fog_directory = 'name_of_directory'
end

In your uploader, set the storage to :fog

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  storage :fog
end

That's it! You can still use the CarrierWave::Uploader#url method to return the url to the file on Google.

Optimized Loading of Fog ↑

Since Carrierwave doesn't know which parts of Fog you intend to use, it will just load the entire library (unless you use e.g. [fog-aws, fog-google] instead of fog proper). If you prefer to load fewer classes into your application, you need to load those parts of Fog yourself before loading CarrierWave in your Gemfile. Ex:

gem "fog", "~> 1.27", require: "fog/rackspace/storage"
gem "carrierwave"

A couple of notes about versions: * This functionality was introduced in Fog v1.20. * This functionality is slated for CarrierWave v1.0.0.

If you're not relying on Gemfile entries alone and are requiring “carrierwave” anywhere, ensure you require “fog/rackspace/storage” before it. Ex:

require "fog/rackspace/storage"
require "carrierwave"

Beware that this specific require is only needed when working with a fog provider that was not extracted to its own gem yet. A list of the extracted providers can be found in the page of the fog organizations here.

When in doubt, inspect Fog.constants to see what has been loaded.

Dynamic Asset Host ↑

The asset_host config property can be assigned a proc (or anything that responds to call) for generating the host dynamically. The proc-compliant object gets an instance of the current CarrierWave::Storage::Fog::File or CarrierWave::SanitizedFile as its only argument.

CarrierWave.configure do |config|
  config.asset_host = proc do |file|
    identifier = # some logic
    "http://#{identifier}.cdn.rackspacecloud.com"
  end
end

Using RMagick ↑

If you're uploading images, you'll probably want to manipulate them in some way, you might want to create thumbnail images for example. CarrierWave comes with a small library to make manipulating images with RMagick easier, you'll need to include it in your Uploader:

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  include CarrierWave::RMagick
end

The RMagick module gives you a few methods, like CarrierWave::RMagick#resize_to_fill which manipulate the image file in some way. You can set a process callback, which will call that method any time a file is uploaded. There is a demonstration of convert here. Convert will only work if the file has the same file extension, thus the use of the filename method.

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  include CarrierWave::RMagick

  process resize_to_fill: [200, 200]
  process convert: 'png'

  def filename
    super.chomp(File.extname(super)) + '.png' if original_filename.present?
  end
end

Check out the manipulate! method, which makes it easy for you to write your own manipulation methods.

Using MiniMagick ↑

MiniMagick is similar to RMagick but performs all the operations using the 'mogrify' command which is part of the standard ImageMagick kit. This allows you to have the power of ImageMagick without having to worry about installing all the RMagick libraries.

See the MiniMagick site for more details:

github.com/minimagick/minimagick

And the ImageMagick command line options for more for whats on offer:

www.imagemagick.org/script/command-line-options.php

Currently, the MiniMagick carrierwave processor provides exactly the same methods as for the RMagick processor.

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  include CarrierWave::MiniMagick

  process resize_to_fill: [200, 200]
end

Migrating from Paperclip ↑

If you are using Paperclip, you can use the provided compatibility module:

class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  include CarrierWave::Compatibility::Paperclip
end

See the documentation for CarrierWave::Compatibility::Paperclip for more details.

Be sure to use mount_on to specify the correct column:

mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader, mount_on: :avatar_file_name

I18n ↑

The Active Record validations use the Rails i18n framework. Add these keys to your translations file:

errors:
  messages:
    carrierwave_processing_error: failed to be processed
    carrierwave_integrity_error: is not of an allowed file type
    carrierwave_download_error: could not be downloaded
    extension_whitelist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{extension} files, allowed types: %{allowed_types}"
    extension_blacklist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{extension} files, prohibited types: %{prohibited_types}"
    content_type_whitelist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{content_type} files"
    content_type_blacklist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{content_type} files"
    rmagick_processing_error: "Failed to manipulate with rmagick, maybe it is not an image?"
    mini_magick_processing_error: "Failed to manipulate with MiniMagick, maybe it is not an image? Original Error: %{e}"
    min_size_error: "File size should be greater than %{min_size}"
    max_size_error: "File size should be less than %{max_size}"

The carrierwave-i18n library adds support for additional locales.

Large files ↑

By default, CarrierWave copies an uploaded file twice, first copying the file into the cache, then copying the file into the store. For large files, this can be prohibitively time consuming.

You may change this behavior by overriding either or both of the move_to_cache and move_to_store methods:

class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
  def move_to_cache
    true
  end

  def move_to_store
    true
  end
end

When the move_to_cache and/or move_to_store methods return true, files will be moved (instead of copied) to the cache and store respectively.

This has only been tested with the local filesystem store.

Skipping ActiveRecord callbacks ↑

By default, mounting an uploader into an ActiveRecord model will add a few callbacks. For example, this code:

class User
  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
end

Will add these callbacks:

after_save :store_avatar!
before_save :write_avatar_identifier
after_commit :remove_avatar!, on: :destroy
after_commit :mark_remove_avatar_false, on: :update
after_save :store_previous_changes_for_avatar
after_commit :remove_previously_stored_avatar, on: :update

If you want to skip any of these callbacks (eg. you want to keep the existing avatar, even after uploading a new one), you can use ActiveRecord’s skip_callback method.

class User
  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
  skip_callback :commit, :after, :remove_previously_stored_avatar
end

Contributing to CarrierWave ↑

See CONTRIBUTING.md

License ↑

Copyright © 2008-2015 Jonas Nicklas

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the “Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED “AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.